\u5728\u62112\u670817\u65e5\u7684\u519c\u5386\u65b0\u5e74\u732e\u8bcd\u4e2d\uff0c\u5217\u51fa\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u519c\u5386\u65b0\u5e74\u5927\u9a6c\u70ed\u95e8\u8bfe\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4eca\u5929\u662f\u5e74\u521d\u4e09\uff0c\u6211\u627f\u8ba4\u6211\u66fe\u9884\u8ba1\u5b89\u534e\u7684\u5b9a\u7f6a\u548c\u5165\u72f15\u5e74\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u519c\u5386\u65b0\u5e74\u7684\u5934\u53f7\u70ed\u95e8\u8bdd\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4f46\u6211\u9519\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u767b\u4e0a\u70ed\u95e8\u8bdd\u9898\u699c\u9996\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u8054\u90a6\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u9879\u88c1\u51b3\uff0c\u5373\u7eb7\u6270\u4e5d\u5e74\u7684\u8499\u53e4\u5973\u90ce\u963f\u65e6\u675c\u4e9a\u547d\u6848\u3002\u5979\u662f\u4e8e2006\u5e7410\u670819\u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u838e\u4e9a\u5357\u906d\u51b7\u8840\u6740\u5bb3\uff0c\u5c38\u9996\u66f4\u88ab\u519b\u7528\u70b8\u836fC4\u70b8\u6bc1\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6211\u53d1\u8868\u732e\u8bcd\u7684\u90a3\u4e00\u5929\uff0c\u8c0b\u6740\u963f\u65e6\u675c\u4e9a\u7684\u51f6\u624b\u4e4b\u4e00\u5e76\u6f5c\u9003\u5230\u6fb3\u6d32\u7684\u897f\u9c81\u5411\u300a\u5f53\u4eca\u5927\u9a6c\u300b\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c06\u8003\u8651\u9488\u5bf9\u8499\u5973\u547d\u6848\u201c\u7206\u6599\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u53ea\u662f\u201c\u53d7\u547d\u884c\u4e8b\u201d\u3002
\n<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bdd\u9898\u5728\u897f\u9c81\u7684\u63a8\u6ce2\u52a9\u6f9c\u4e0b\u5728\u4e94\u5929\u5185\u8fc5\u901f\u53d1\u9175\uff0c\u4ed6\u626c\u8a00\u5c06\u5728\u660e\u5929\uff08\u661f\u671f\u4e00\uff09\u4e0a\u5348\u901a\u8fc7\u89c6\u8baf\u201c\u5927\u7206\u6599\u201d\uff0c\u5728\u519c\u5386\u65b0\u5e74\u671f\u95f4\u6210\u4e86\u5404\u534e\u4eba\u5bb6\u5ead\u805a\u4f1a\u7545\u8c08\u7684\u70ed\u95e8\u8bdd\u9898\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8d85\u8d8a\u5b89\u534e\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\u3002\u4e24\u8005\u65e0\u7591\u90fd\u662f\u519c\u5386\u65b0\u5e74\u6700\u70ed\u8bae\u7684\u8bdd\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e24\u5b97\u6848\u4ef6\u51f8\u663e\u4e86\u6211\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5f0a\u7aef\u2014\u2014\u7edf\u988613\u4e07\u8b66\u529b\u7684\u8b66\u65b9\u9886\u5bfc\u5c42\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u8ba9\u9ebe\u4e0b\u90e8\u961f\u6709\u6548\u7387\u3001\u72ec\u7acb\u53ca\u4e13\u4e1a\u5730\u634d\u536b\u516c\u4e49\u548c\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff0c\u5374\u6c89\u9189\u4e8e\u201c\u5f3a\u6743\u5c31\u662f\u516c\u7406\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u653f\u6cbb\u9886\u8896\u53ca\u516c\u5171\u670d\u52a1\u5bf9\u826f\u597d\u65bd\u653f\u7684\u4e0d\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u4e5f\u5230\u4e86\u4ee4\u4eba\u60ca\u8bb6\u7684\u5730\u6b65\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6211\u5bf9\u6211\u56fd\u53f8\u6cd5\u5236\u5ea6\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5168\u57ce\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u70ed\u95e8\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u575a\u5b88\u53f8\u6cd5\u754c\u5e38\u5f15\u8ff0\u7684\u8bdd\uff1a\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u4e0d\u4f46\u8981\u516c\u6b63\uff0c\u8fd8\u8981\u8ba9\u4eba\u770b\u5230\u5b83\u7684\u516c\u6b63\uff08justice is not only done, but seen to be done\uff09\u201d\uff0c\u611f\u5230\u9707\u6012\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8fc7\u53bb\u6570\u5929\u6b22\u5e86\u7f8a\u5e74\u7684\u5230\u6765\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0a\u4e24\u4e2a\u699c\u9996\u8bdd\u9898\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u70ed\u7206\u5168\u9a6c\u7684\u8bdd\u9898\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u4e09\u3001\u519c\u957f\u7684\u676f\u845b\u534e\u5546\u8bba\u53ca\u7eb3\u5409\u5bf9\u843d\u5b9e\u4e00\u9a6c\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u65e0\u80fd\uff0c\u4ee4\u4e8b\u60c5\u8fc7\u4e86\u4e09\u4e2a\u661f\u671f\u90fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u5706\u6ee1\u89e3\u51b3\u3002<\/p>\n
\u56db\u3001\u524d\u9996\u76f8\u6566\u9a6c\u54c8\u8fea\u52a0\u5f3a\u5411\u7eb3\u5409\u903c\u5bab\u7684\u529b\u5ea6\uff0c\u8ba9\u4eba\u6000\u7591\u7eb3\u5409\u80fd\u5426\u6491\u5230\u4eca\u5e74\u5e74\u5c3e\u3001\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u66f4\u65e9\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e94\u3001\u4e00\u9a6c\u53d1\u5c55\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u5927\u578b\u4e11\u95fb\u3002<\/p>\n
\u516d\u3001\u6211\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u73af\u5883\u4fdd\u62a4\u7ee7\u7eed\u4e00\u8e76\u4e0d\u632f\uff0c\u826f\u597d\u65bd\u653f\u6301\u7eed\u5d29\u574f\uff0c\u4ee4\u9a6c\u6765\u897f\u4e9a\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u6ca6\u4e3a\u201c\u5931\u8d25\u8fc7\uff08failed states\uff09\u201d\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e03\u3001\u504f\u6267\u72ed\u9698\u7684\u6781\u7aef\u5206\u5b50\u7ee7\u7eed\u8086\u65e0\u5fcc\u60ee\u5730\u5f20\u7259\u821e\u722a\uff0c\u800c\u4e2d\u5eb8\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u7ee7\u7eed\u5fae\u5f31\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u6211\u56fd\u8fdb\u5165\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u6076\u52a3\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u53ca\u5b97\u6559\u5206\u5316\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\u3002<\/p>\n
\u516b\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u6700\u9ad8\u51b3\u7b56\u5708\u5b50\u7ee7\u7eed\u65e0\u6cd5\u65e0\u5929\u5730\u8d2a\u6c61\u8150\u8d25\u548c\u5f87\u79c1\u6ee5\u6743\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e5d\u3001\u56db\u6708\u4e00\u65e5\u5c06\u8fce\u6765\u6d88\u8d39\u7a0e\uff08GST\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n
\u800c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u6b63\u5728\u53d1\u9175\u7684\u65b0\u5e74\u7126\u70b9\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u4e00\u3001\u5b89\u534e\u5165\u72f1\u3001\u8042\u8001\u901d\u4e16\uff0c\u6c11\u8054\u4e09\u515a\u80fd\u5426\u56e2\u7ed3\u4e00\u81f4\u201c\u56de\u5230\u6839\u672c\u201d\uff0c\u575a\u5b88\u4e24\u5927\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5219\u2014\u2014\u6c11\u8054\u5171\u540c\u653f\u7eb2\u53ca\u5171\u8bc6\u8fd0\u4f5c\u539f\u5219\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e8c\u3001\u57fa\u672c\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u9547\u538b\u518d\u5347\u7ea7\uff0c\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u5305\u62ec\u4eba\u6743\u5f8b\u5e08\u827e\u529b\u4fdd\u68ee\uff08Eric Paulsen\uff09\u3001\u6f2b\u753b\u5bb6\u7956\u7eb3\u3001\u793e\u8fd0\u5206\u5b50\u52b3\u4f26\u65af\uff08Lawrence Jayaraj\uff09\u3001\u5b66\u8fd0\u9886\u8896\u963f\u5f53\u963f\u91cc\u3001\u884c\u52a8\u515a\u69df\u5dde\u884c\u653f\u8bae\u5458\u7ae0\u745b\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u515a\u79d8\u4e66\u957f\u963f\u9c81\u4ec4\u4e07\uff0c\u53ca\u5373\u5c06\u88ab\u5bf9\u4ed8\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u515a\u592a\u5e73\u56fd\u4f1a\u8bae\u5458\u502a\u53ef\u654f\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5927\u9a6c\u8b66\u65b9\u4eca\u65e9\u86ee\u6a2a\u5730\u5728\u6021\u4fdd\u6c11\u8054\u65b0\u6625\u5f00\u653e\u95e8\u6237\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e0a\uff0c\u516c\u5f00\u4f20\u53ec\u502a\u53ef\u654f\u660e\u5929\u4e0a\u5348\u5230\u6b66\u5409\u963f\u66fc\u8b66\u5c40\u603b\u90e8\u5f55\u53d6\u53e3\u4f9b\uff0c\u6beb\u65e0\u5c0a\u91cd\u53ca\u654f\u611f\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e3a\u4f55\u8b66\u65b9\u5982\u6b64\u9ad8\u8c03\u3001\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u5730\u9a9a\u6270\u6c11\u8054\u9886\u8896\uff0c\u800c\u5f53\u5deb\u7edf\u90e8\u957f\u3001\u524d\u526f\u90e8\u957f\u53ca\u4eb2\u5deb\u7edf\u5206\u5b50\u8086\u65e0\u5fcc\u60ee\u5730\u53d1\u8868\u79cd\u65cf\u53ca\u5b97\u6559\u8c29\u9a82\u65f6\uff0c\u8b66\u65b9\u5374\u5982\u6b64\u5351\u8eac\u5c48\u819d\u53ca\u6e29\u987a\uff1f<\/p>\n
\u5982\u679c\u56fd\u9635\u5deb\u7edf\u4e00\u4f4d\u4ed6\u4eec\u80fd\u4ee5\u5982\u6b64\u7c97\u66b4\u4e0d\u654f\u611f\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u6446\u5e73\u8206\u8bba\uff0c\u90a3\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u5927\u9519\u7279\u9519\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5f88\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u9700\u8981\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u4f46\u5927\u9009\u8fc7\u4e8618\u4e2a\u6708\uff0c\u56fd\u9635\u5deb\u7edf\u653f\u5e9c\u6839\u672c\u65e0\u6cd5\u5e26\u6765\u8fd9\u79cd\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u662f\u7eb3\u5409\u8fd8\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u9886\u5bfc\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u9996\u76f8\u62ff\u7763\u65af\u91cc\u7eb3\u5409\u662f\u5386\u5e74\u6765\u6700\u65e0\u80fd\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6bd4\u963f\u90fd\u62c9\u66f4\u5dee\u52b2\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u5374\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u6709\u6743\u52bf\u7684\u5deb\u7edf\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff0c\u5185\u90e8\u529b\u91cf\u96be\u4ee5\u64bc\u5012\u4ed6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u4e0d\u6613\u52a8\u6447\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4f46\u7eb3\u5409\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u5f15\u9886\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u4ed6\u9c9c\u5c11\u63d0\u53ca\u6216\u5021\u5bfc\u4ed6\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u5b98\u65b9\u8ba1\u5212\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u9a6c\u653f\u7b56\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u8f6c\u578b\u8ba1\u5212\u4e0b\u7684\u65b0\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u6240\u4e00\u624b\u521b\u7acb\u7684\u5168\u7403\u4e2d\u5eb8\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5168\u9a6c\u4eba\u6c11\u5bf9\u6c11\u8054\u5bc4\u4ee5\u539a\u671b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7b2c14\u5c4a\u5927\u9009\u5c06\u4f1a\u662f\u6c11\u8054\u5f53\u5bb6\u505a\u4e3b\u5f15\u9886\u6539\u53d8\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e0d\u50cf\u7b2c13\u5c4a\u5168\u56fd\u5927\u9009\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u9009\u533a\u5212\u5206\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u6c11\u8054\u5373\u4f7f\u83b7\u5f9752%\u7684\u652f\u6301\u7387\uff0c\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u6267\u653f\u4e2d\u592e\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6c11\u8054\u6b63\u9762\u4e347\u5e74\u91cc\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u800c\u5b89\u534e\u5165\u72f1\u53ca\u8042\u8001\u7684\u901d\u4e16\u4ee4\u5371\u673a\u66f4\u4e3a\u4e25\u5cfb\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6c11\u8054\u80fd\u5426\u5ea6\u8fc7\u96be\u5173\u5e76\u6d74\u706b\u91cd\u751f\uff1f<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u4e0d\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u6c11\u8054\u9886\u8896\u89e3\u7b54\uff0c\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u652f\u6301\u8005\u7ed9\u4e88\u7b54\u6848\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6211\u547c\u5401\u5168\u4f53\u6c11\u8054\u9886\u8896\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4f0a\u515a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u54c8\u8fea\u963f\u65fa\uff0c\u5168\u529b\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u62ef\u6551\u6c11\u8054\uff0c\u5e76\u963b\u6b62\u4e00\u5207\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u6c11\u8054\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6467\u6bc1\u6c11\u8054\u7684\u529b\u91cf<\/p>\n
\u8042\u8001\u662f\u65f6\u5019\u540e\u7684\u5c40\u52bf\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u50ac\u751f\u4e86\u5deb\u7edf\u201c\u56e2\u7ed3\u653f\u5e9c\uff08UG\uff09\u201d\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u4ee4\u6c11\u8054\u5206\u88c2\u5e76\u706d\u4ea1\u3002\u5deb\u7edf\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u5f03\u6218\u771f\u5df4\u5361\u8865\u9009\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5deb\u7edf\u5589\u820c\u300a\u524d\u950b\u62a5\u300b\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u62a5\u9053\u6307\u524d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u6566\u963f\u90fd\u54c8\u5bc6\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u4f0a\u515a\u4e0e\u5deb\u7edf\u5fc5\u987b\u56e2\u7ed3\u62ef\u6551\u56fd\u9635\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u6c11\u8054\u5c06\u5728\u7b2c14\u5c4a\u5168\u56fd\u5927\u9009\u53d6\u80dc\uff0c\u5e76\u65e0\u4e2d\u751f\u6709\u5730\u6c61\u8511\u884c\u52a8\u515a\u638c\u6743\u540e\uff0c\u5c06\u7834\u574f\u9a6c\u6765\u4e3b\u6743\u53ca\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n
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